How cervical cancer is caused

Cervical cancer is usually caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus. Other factors include low immune function, long-term smoking, multiple pregnancies and long-term oral contraceptives.

Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is the main causative factor of cervical cancer, among which HPV16 and HPV18 are the most common. The virus is spread through sexual contact and may cause abnormal cell proliferation after infecting cervical epithelial cells. If the infection persists, it may gradually progress from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive cervical cancer over years or even decades. Immunocompromised states significantly increase the risk of persistent HPV infection, such as those with AIDS or those taking immunosuppressants after organ transplantation. Long-term smoking will reduce the local immunity of the cervix, and the carcinogens in tobacco may also directly act on the cervical tissue. Multiple pregnancies and multiple births will lead to multiple cervical trauma and repairs, increasing the chance of HPV infection. Long-term oral contraceptive use may affect HPV clearance by changing the local microenvironment of the cervix.

Preventing cervical cancer requires regular cervical cancer screening, including cervical cytology and HPV testing. Women of appropriate age can receive the HPV vaccine to prevent high-risk HPV infection. Maintaining a single sexual partner and using condoms can reduce the risk of HPV infection. Quitting smoking can help restore the local immune function of the cervix. A balanced diet and regular exercise can enhance the body's overall immunity. If you find abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, you should seek medical examination promptly.