What are the tests for cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer screening mainly includes cervical cytology, human papillomavirus testing, colposcopy, cervical biopsy and imaging examinations. Cervical cancer may be related to persistent high-risk HPV infection, multiple sexual partners, smoking and other factors. It usually presents with symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding and contact bleeding. Regular cervical cancer screening is recommended to help with early detection and treatment.

1. Cervical cytology examination

Cervical cytology examination is one of the main methods for cervical cancer screening. By collecting cervical exfoliated cells for microscopic observation, abnormal changes in cervical cells can be found. Cervical cytology examination usually uses Pap smear or liquid-based cytology technology, and is suitable for women over 30 years old or women with high-risk factors. Sexual intercourse, vaginal douching and the use of vaginal medications should be avoided 24 hours before the examination.

2. Human papillomavirus detection

Human papillomavirus testing uses molecular biology methods to detect the DNA or RNA of high-risk HPV in cervical secretions and can detect HPV infection. HPV testing can be performed in conjunction with cervical cytology to improve the accuracy of cervical cancer screening. A positive HPV test does not necessarily mean you have cervical cancer, but further testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis.

3. Colposcopy

Colposcopy is a further examination performed when cervical cytology or HPV testing is abnormal, using magnification to observe blood vessels and epithelial changes on the surface of the cervix. Colposcopy can guide the positioning of cervical biopsy and improve the accuracy of biopsy. An acetic acid or iodine solution may be used during the exam to help reveal abnormal areas.

4. Cervical biopsy

Cervical biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing cervical cancer, by taking cervical tissue for pathological examination. Cervical biopsy includes spot biopsy, cone biopsy and other methods. The specific choice depends on the condition of the lesion. There may be a small amount of vaginal bleeding after the biopsy, which will usually stop on its own within 1-2 weeks. During this period, strenuous exercise and sexual life should be avoided.

5. Imaging examination

Imaging examinations include ultrasound, CT, MRI, etc., used to evaluate the extent of cervical cancer invasion and distant metastasis. Imaging tests are usually done after cervical cancer is diagnosed and can help plan treatment. Different imaging examinations have their own advantages, and doctors will choose the appropriate examination method according to the specific situation.

Preventing cervical cancer requires establishing a healthy lifestyle, including avoiding early sexual intercourse, reducing the number of sexual partners, using condoms, and quitting smoking. HPV vaccination is an effective way to prevent cervical cancer. It is recommended that women aged 9-45 get vaccinated under the guidance of a doctor. Regular cervical cancer screening can detect precancerous lesions early, and timely intervention can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. If symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding occur, you should seek medical examination promptly.